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countries.
CATCH-UP EFFECT – эффект «подхвата»; концепция, предполагающая, что, поскольку более бедные экономики, как правило, растут
быстрее, чем более богатые экономики, все экономики во времени
будут сходиться с точки зрения дохода на душу населения. Другими
словами, более бедные страны буквально «догонят» более устойчивые экономики. Догоняющий эффект также упоминается как теория
сходимости
Catch-up effect is the property whereby countries that start off poor tend
to grow more rapidly than countries that start off rich. Other things equal,
it is easier for a country to grow fast if it starts out relatively poor. This
effect of initial conditions on subsequent growth is sometimes called the
catch-up effect. In poor countries, workers lack even the most rudimentary
tools and, as a result, have low productivity. Small amounts of capital
investment would substantially raise these workers’ productivity.
CENTRAL BANK – центральный банк (принадлежащий государству
или контролируемый государством банк, занимается эмиссией денег,
нередко хранит и распоряжается международными резервами и имеет пассив в форме бессрочных вкладов других банков и часто правительства данной страны)
Central bank is a financial institution that is responsible for regulating
the country’s financial system and commercial banks, and carrying out
monetary policy.
CETERIS PARIBUS – при прочих равных условиях
Ceteris paribus is a Latin expression that means ‘other things being
equal’. Another way of saying this is that all other things are assumed to
be constant or unchanging. It is used in economics theories and models to
isolate changes in only those variables that are being studied.
CIRCULAR FLOW OF INCOME – кругооборот доходов
Circular flow of income model is a model showing the flow of resources
from consumers (households) to firms, and the flow of products from
firms to consumers, as well as money flows consisting of consumers’ income arising from the sale of their resources and firms’ revenues arising
from the sale of their products. It illustrates the equivalence of expenditure
flows, value of output flows, and income flows.
CIRCULAR-FLOW DIAGRAM – круговая диаграмма
The circular-flow diagram is (or circular-flow model) is a graphical
representation of the flows of goods and money between two distinct parts
of the economy.
The circular-flow diagram is a visual model of the economy that shows
how dollars flow through markets among households and firms. In this
model, the economy is simplified to include only two types of decision
makers – firms and households. Firms produce goods and services using
inputs, such as labor, land, and capital (buildings and machines). These
inputs are called the factors of production. Households own the factors of
production and consume all the goods and services that the firms produce.
The circular-flow diagram is a schematic representation of the organization
of the economy. Decisions are made by households and firms. Households
and firms interact in the markets for goods and services (where households
are buyers and firms are sellers) and in the markets for the factors of production (where firms are buyers and households are sellers).
CLEAN TECHNOLOGY – экологически чистые технологии
Clean technology is a technology that is not polluting, associated with
environmental sustainability; includes solar power, wind power, hydropower, recycling, and many more.
CLOSED ECONOMY – закрытая экономика; экономика, не имеющая внешних связей
Closed economy is an economy that does not interact with other economies in the world and has no international trade (no imports and exports);
usually appears in connection with economic theories and models as virtually no economy in the real world is a closed economy. For most questions in macroeconomics, international issues are peripheral. For instance,
when the natural rate of unemployment and the causes of inflation are
discussed, the effects of international trade could safely be ignored.
Indeed, to keep their models simple, macroeconomists often assume
a closed economy – an economy that does not interact with other economies. To be contrasted with open economy.
CLUB GOODS – клубные блага; коллективные товары или услуги
Club goods (also artificially scarce goods) are goods that are excludable
but not rival in consumption.
For instance, consider fire protection in a small town. It is easy to exclude
someone from using this good: the fire department can just let his house
burn down. Yet fire protection is not rival in consumption. Once a town
has paid for the fire department, the additional cost of protecting one more
house is small.
COASE THEOREM – теорема Коуза
The Coase theorem is the proposition that if private parties can bargain
without cost over the allocation of resources, they can solve the problem
of externalities on their own.
How effective is the private market in dealing with externalities? A famous result, called the Coase theorem after economist Ronald Coase,
suggests that it can be very effective in some circumstances. According
to the Coase theorem, if private parties can bargain over the allocation of
resources at no cost, then the private market will always solve the problem
of externalities and allocate resources efficiently.
COLLECTIVE BARGAINING – переговоры о заключении коллективного договора между профсоюзами и нанимателями; ведение
переговоров о заключении коллективных трудовых договоров
Collective bargaining is the process by which unions and firms agree on
the terms of employment.
COLLUSION – сговор; ценовой сговор; тайный сговор; соглашение
между клиентами
Collusion is an agreement among firms in a market about quantities to
produce or prices to charge. It is an agreement among firms to fix prices,
or divide the market between them, so as to limit competition and maximise profit; usually involves firms in oligopoly.
COLLUSIVE OLIGOPOLY – олигополия, поддерживаемая посредством сговора
Collusive oligopoly refers to the type of oligopoly where firms agree
to restrict output or fix the price, in order to limit competition, increase
monopoly power and increase profits.
COMMERCIAL BANK – коммерческий банк
Commercial bank is a financial institution (which may be private or public) whose main functions are to hold deposits for their customers (consumers and firms), to make loans to their customers, to transfer funds by
cheque (check) from one bank to another, and to buy government bonds.
COMMON ACCESS RESOURCES – общедоступный ресурс
Common access resources are resources that are not owned by anyone,
do not have a price, and are available for anyone to use without payment
(for example, lakes, rivers, fish in the open seas, open grazing land, the
ozone layer and many more); their depletion or degradation leads to environmental unsustainability.
COMMON MARKET – общий рынок
Common market is a type of trading bloc in which countries that have
formed a customs union proceed further to eliminate any remaining tariffs
in trade between them; they continue to have a common external policy
(as in a customs union), and in addition agree to eliminate all restrictions
on movements of any factors of production within them; factors affected
are mainly labour and capital, which are free to cross all borders and
move, travel and find employment freely within all member countries.
The best-known common market is the European Economic Community
(EEC, the precursor of the present European
CATCH-UP EFFECT – эффект «подхвата»; концепция, предполагающая, что, поскольку более бедные экономики, как правило, растут
быстрее, чем более богатые экономики, все экономики во времени
будут сходиться с точки зрения дохода на душу населения. Другими
словами, более бедные страны буквально «догонят» более устойчивые экономики. Догоняющий эффект также упоминается как теория
сходимости
Catch-up effect is the property whereby countries that start off poor tend
to grow more rapidly than countries that start off rich. Other things equal,
it is easier for a country to grow fast if it starts out relatively poor. This
effect of initial conditions on subsequent growth is sometimes called the
catch-up effect. In poor countries, workers lack even the most rudimentary
tools and, as a result, have low productivity. Small amounts of capital
investment would substantially raise these workers’ productivity.
CENTRAL BANK – центральный банк (принадлежащий государству
или контролируемый государством банк, занимается эмиссией денег,
нередко хранит и распоряжается международными резервами и имеет пассив в форме бессрочных вкладов других банков и часто правительства данной страны)
Central bank is a financial institution that is responsible for regulating
the country’s financial system and commercial banks, and carrying out
monetary policy.
CETERIS PARIBUS – при прочих равных условиях
Ceteris paribus is a Latin expression that means ‘other things being
equal’. Another way of saying this is that all other things are assumed to
be constant or unchanging. It is used in economics theories and models to
isolate changes in only those variables that are being studied.
CIRCULAR FLOW OF INCOME – кругооборот доходов
Circular flow of income model is a model showing the flow of resources
from consumers (households) to firms, and the flow of products from
firms to consumers, as well as money flows consisting of consumers’ income arising from the sale of their resources and firms’ revenues arising
from the sale of their products. It illustrates the equivalence of expenditure
flows, value of output flows, and income flows.
CIRCULAR-FLOW DIAGRAM – круговая диаграмма
The circular-flow diagram is (or circular-flow model) is a graphical
representation of the flows of goods and money between two distinct parts
of the economy.
The circular-flow diagram is a visual model of the economy that shows
how dollars flow through markets among households and firms. In this
model, the economy is simplified to include only two types of decision
makers – firms and households. Firms produce goods and services using
inputs, such as labor, land, and capital (buildings and machines). These
inputs are called the factors of production. Households own the factors of
production and consume all the goods and services that the firms produce.
The circular-flow diagram is a schematic representation of the organization
of the economy. Decisions are made by households and firms. Households
and firms interact in the markets for goods and services (where households
are buyers and firms are sellers) and in the markets for the factors of production (where firms are buyers and households are sellers).
CLEAN TECHNOLOGY – экологически чистые технологии
Clean technology is a technology that is not polluting, associated with
environmental sustainability; includes solar power, wind power, hydropower, recycling, and many more.
CLOSED ECONOMY – закрытая экономика; экономика, не имеющая внешних связей
Closed economy is an economy that does not interact with other economies in the world and has no international trade (no imports and exports);
usually appears in connection with economic theories and models as virtually no economy in the real world is a closed economy. For most questions in macroeconomics, international issues are peripheral. For instance,
when the natural rate of unemployment and the causes of inflation are
discussed, the effects of international trade could safely be ignored.
Indeed, to keep their models simple, macroeconomists often assume
a closed economy – an economy that does not interact with other economies. To be contrasted with open economy.
CLUB GOODS – клубные блага; коллективные товары или услуги
Club goods (also artificially scarce goods) are goods that are excludable
but not rival in consumption.
For instance, consider fire protection in a small town. It is easy to exclude
someone from using this good: the fire department can just let his house
burn down. Yet fire protection is not rival in consumption. Once a town
has paid for the fire department, the additional cost of protecting one more
house is small.
COASE THEOREM – теорема Коуза
The Coase theorem is the proposition that if private parties can bargain
without cost over the allocation of resources, they can solve the problem
of externalities on their own.
How effective is the private market in dealing with externalities? A famous result, called the Coase theorem after economist Ronald Coase,
suggests that it can be very effective in some circumstances. According
to the Coase theorem, if private parties can bargain over the allocation of
resources at no cost, then the private market will always solve the problem
of externalities and allocate resources efficiently.
COLLECTIVE BARGAINING – переговоры о заключении коллективного договора между профсоюзами и нанимателями; ведение
переговоров о заключении коллективных трудовых договоров
Collective bargaining is the process by which unions and firms agree on
the terms of employment.
COLLUSION – сговор; ценовой сговор; тайный сговор; соглашение
между клиентами
Collusion is an agreement among firms in a market about quantities to
produce or prices to charge. It is an agreement among firms to fix prices,
or divide the market between them, so as to limit competition and maximise profit; usually involves firms in oligopoly.
COLLUSIVE OLIGOPOLY – олигополия, поддерживаемая посредством сговора
Collusive oligopoly refers to the type of oligopoly where firms agree
to restrict output or fix the price, in order to limit competition, increase
monopoly power and increase profits.
COMMERCIAL BANK – коммерческий банк
Commercial bank is a financial institution (which may be private or public) whose main functions are to hold deposits for their customers (consumers and firms), to make loans to their customers, to transfer funds by
cheque (check) from one bank to another, and to buy government bonds.
COMMON ACCESS RESOURCES – общедоступный ресурс
Common access resources are resources that are not owned by anyone,
do not have a price, and are available for anyone to use without payment
(for example, lakes, rivers, fish in the open seas, open grazing land, the
ozone layer and many more); their depletion or degradation leads to environmental unsustainability.
COMMON MARKET – общий рынок
Common market is a type of trading bloc in which countries that have
formed a customs union proceed further to eliminate any remaining tariffs
in trade between them; they continue to have a common external policy
(as in a customs union), and in addition agree to eliminate all restrictions
on movements of any factors of production within them; factors affected
are mainly labour and capital, which are free to cross all borders and
move, travel and find employment freely within all member countries.
The best-known common market is the European Economic Community
(EEC, the precursor of the present European
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