Мыло с глиной [Вера Павловна Ванькевич] (pdf) читать онлайн

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cnycKä Mbtjiai H im e J io m K o t c ji BMa3H B a io x B n rn ry , KaK oÖm k•HOBeHHuft inimeBajpOMiHiHä, h o T 0 JibK0 He fip caM o ro K p a a , 3 T a n ,
m to Ö h ßopTa ;ero HecKOJibKO B H C T y n a jin H aa KJiaAKOfi. B e p x n a a
n acTb jcoTJia HaflCTpaHBäerca h s ' AepeBa. A e p e B H iin a a HacaAica,
n peACTaBJiaiom aa coßoft BepxHioio nacTb KOTJia, yBejiMHUBaeT n o \ne3 Hbjfl o ß te M

k o tjw ! h

n p e ^ o x p a H a e x m h jio

ot

öu crp oro

o c th -

n a n m y c tb h o k (p w c . 1 )'.

3 MeeBHKäMH u m o t k p h t h m ßapoM . H a paccroaHHH 2 0 — 3 0 cm o t
Ana cJieflyeT CAejiaTb pytcaB c KpanoM äjih cnycKa OTCTOHBiiieftea

cycneH3HH. Ecjih Koreji (6 a K ) He HMeeT pynaBa a KpaHOM, t o cycneH 3 Ha B u qep n u B aeT ca 'KOBiiiaMH.

|

K o b u i h ajih BbiuepnbiBaHHH c y c n e im H h Mbuia 'aooihchu HMeih
pyKKHrncy, cooTBereTayioiuyK) rjiyÖBBe joorjia (ö a c a ).
U p .a pasMeuiHBaHna iviHHhi b .b o a c , a TaKace nepeMeuiHBainia » h -

pa c o mejioHbio h rjiHHbi c MhijiOM ynoTpeÖJiHioT AepeBaHHHe Becjia.
ÄÜH OHH.CTKH jcreHOK KOTJia H (jjopM OT npHCTaBUierO K HHM
Mujia npHMeHaiOT CKpeÖKH, cAejiaHHue «3 TBepAbix nopoA Aepesa
(AyÖa, KjieHa, !6epe3bi).
$QpMH

HJi a p a 3 J i H B a

M U J i a npeXcrraBjiaiOT coßoö pa3-

ßopHbie npoÄOJiroßaTbie ^epeBHHHbie huihkh

(pnc.

2).

Pa3Mepu

(J)OpM 33BHCHT OT OÖ^eMa npOH3BOACTa£< H ’pa3MepOB MHJIOBapeHHOrO
KOTJia.
:

P hc. 1. MwaoBapeHHbift KOTeji:
A — MeTajiflHiecKHfl KOTeji, B — HacaAKH
H3 AepeBa, B —«KpaH Ajia cnycna mejioHH.
ÜMecHTejib.

TjiHny c mhjiom cMeuMBaiOT b nyryHHOM hjih

»ceae3HOM Kouie, oßorpeBaeMow; o tk p u tu m oraeM hjih napoM.
OTMynHBaiOT rjiHHy b MeTaJumnecKOM k o tjio hjih 9 ÄepeBHHHOM
ßane.

EMKOCTb KOTJIOB MOKeT ßblTb pa3Ha5t, B saBHCHMOCTK

ot

P hc. 2. ÄepeBHHHaa 4>opua a ^h mujis.

o6$eMa

n p 0 H3 B0 ÄCTBa. n o Ä o r p e B m o ä c t npoH 3 B OÄ«Tbca jia o t k p h t o m o r a e ,

Ilp o C T a a

yAoÖHaa

$opM a

M o*eT

AJiBHHwe ÖoKOBue 'creHKB 3aABHraigTcs

b

6bm> H3 r 0 T0 BjieHa T a x :
na3bi, BHÖpaHHbie b äh c

14
»

15

I

flmHKa; RopoTKHe ctchkh $opMbi 3aABHraiotc« 8 na3ti, CÄ^aHMu«
B AJIHHHblX CTeHK3X. Co6paHH3H T3KHM 06pa30M (J)OpMa CTHrHBaeTCH HeTbipbMS 'ÖOJITaMH.- CT€HKH (JlopMbl CJieflyeT Äe^aTb ÄOCTaTOHHO TOJICTbIMH, HTOÖbl MbUIO ÖblCTpO He OCTHB3JIO.
C t 3 H O K ÄJIH p e 3 K H M W a COCTOHT H3 ÄepeBHHHOH XOCKH
h ynopHoa creHKH. Ha KpoMKax ynopnoß aockh hmciotch Meiaji/iiwecKHe iuneHbKH, BÖHTbie. oahh ö t A p yroro na paccTOHrom,
cooTBeTCTByiomeM yiHp,Hpe iKycKa MbiJia.
Paspe3aK>T mhm o cra;ibHoft npoBp;ioKoft, k kohusm KOTöpoit
npHicpeonaioT AepeBHHHbie naJKMKH. IloaieAHHe ßepyt pynoft h

KHT& moioiuhc nacrbi, loroToiweHHu«
H3 iviHH. Mokmuhc nacrbi Moryr npHMeHJrrbCH a^h Mbirba pyic,
nocyAbi, a T a lc Ä e 'ÄJia IcrupKÜ'mcaHeß.
j
SMyjibnipyiomaa cnocoÖHoctb rmut yßeaiMHBaeTca b iu«uioqhoö cpeAe, noa-roMy n p » H3r0T0BJieHHH moioiuhx nacr k ivuuiaM
AOÖaB^aioTCfl m e jiow .
, ,
:|
; ■
Moiomee AeöcTBHe nacr 3iia«iHTejibHO BoapaCTaeT n p « AoöaBJiemn M hhm MHpija| & KCWHueqTBe He MeHee 5 o/o>; B nepecieTe Ha
5KHPHHÖ KHCAQTH*

,

ripoH3BOACTBoi moioiuhx
U#ccob :
.

n acr

;

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|

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KHbi ÖbiTb oTMyq'eubi (zyifl yAaaeHH« necxa w Apyrax KpynHUX
npHM'ecefi tslk ace, Ikaic npn Bapne Mbw]a c (tjmhoö.
CycneH3Ha, ppuroroBJiaeMaa npn npöH3BOAcTBe Mbuia Ana
OTMyKHBaHHH IVIHHbl OT neCKa, COAepJKHT Öo^lbiuoe KOJIHqeCTBO
boah i(65 — 70 o/o() M m a inpHroTOBJieHHa nacr oihuikom «HAKa.
npH M3roroBJieHHH nacr HyjKHä ßoüiee rycraa cycnesHaiiaj c BJiaKiiocTbio He Barne 25 o/o.
‘
:
H3^huikh b o a h H3 cycneH3HH yAäJiaioT nyTeM AonoiHHTejibHoro
OTcraHBaHHa ee bi TeneHiie 1— 2 cyroK b cneuHajibriax QTCToftHHKax, KyAa cycneH3HK> nepeHocaT BeApaMH h^h KOBiuaMH.

Otctohhhk npeACTaBaaer coßofl AepeBaHHbifl nau bucotoh He
(kwiee 0 ,5 MfeTpa. B ioahoö ji3 creiiOK Maua na paccroaHHH 4 — 5 cm
oaho o t Apyroro Äe.flaK>T OTBepcTHa ÄnaMfiTpoM 2 — 2 ,5 cm. B hhx
BCTaBJiaiOT n/iOTHO npüniaHHbie npoÖKH.
17

' Koraa bch rjiHHa1 ocaAet Ha ä h o oTcroäHHKa h caoft b o a h aas
Heft eraiieT npo3pa«nibiM, b u iihm hiot npoöKy, Haxowaiuyioca H a«
caoeM oceBiueö raHHbj. Hepe3 o6pa30BaBiueeca oTBepcrae Boaa b h TacaeT. E ctih otctoähhkh Me hmöiot 6o k o b h x OTBepcraß, Böay

MOHCHO OIHBaTb CH^KJHOM.
OceBiuaa Ha ähö OTCTofiHHKa rjiHHä HMeer bhä ry c ro ß n acra ,
anaacHOCTb KOTopoft ÖbiBaer okojio 25 o/o'. B TaKOM coctoähhh ona
Moacer nocrynaTb a;ia CMeuiHBanna c iKOHueHTpupoBaHHbiMH meaonhumh ipatTBöpäMH1
, B tom .caynae, jKor,j|a! b HaaMmiH HMeiOTCH ToabKo
m ejio«fflue pacrßopbi Heßoabiuofl KOHueHTpaUHH (lu e a a ra n ö pacreop
H3 3oau h n p .), 'BH rpy*eH H yio H3 otctoh h h kob rviHHy caeayeT
noÄcyuiHTb aas Toro, h to 6 h He nojiy^HJiacb cjihlukom ähäK3h nacra.
DiHHy mo * ho cyiüMTb Ha coaHue1, b 33KpuTux capaax hjih b cyuiHJiKax. 'Um
SToro ee pacKaaaHBaiOT hs aepeBKUHbix cTeaaaacax tohkhm caoeM. K oraa BepxHuft caoft rjiHHbi noacoxneT, ee
nepeMeuiHBaiOT aonaiaMH. BbicymeHHaa ram ia nocTynaeT AJia npoH3B0aCTBa moioiuhx nacr.

B
Äj-

HC

ta

bs

01
cc
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coaa, eaKHfl Kaaaß w fap.
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y^HTUBan ae^JHUHTHocTb yKa3aHHUx m eaoqeß, lueao^Hbie pacTBopu M oryr 6 u tb npHröTOBneHbi H3 30jiw pacreHHß, TaK KaK b

cy
np

nefl coaepjK H Tca noTaux.

ri09T0My pßpaiuemie o iihmh TpeßyeT ocTopoaaiopTH h npeaoxpauHTejibHux Mep. ripw pa6oTe c pacTBopaMH KaycTHHecKOH c o ah
H leaKQTO KajIHH paÖOHHe 'ajCWIHCHU ßUTb CHaÖHCeHbl pe3HHOBO&
o6yBbK>, (JjapiyKaMH h npeaoxpaHHteabHbiMH ounaMH.
18

p acraopa

iueJioMeft na

komcj|

caeayeT

c/iaöbiM paCTßopoM
ÖHTb b u e x e . .

yKcycHofl
1
;;

khcjioth, 'Koropaa

B cerÄ » aöaacHa
. |: : ■ ; ,

Ä a fl npoH3BoacrBa moioiuhx n a cr lueaonH Moryr nociynaTb
B KpHCraWlHWeCKOM COCTOHBHH WlUj B |MW ^OAHWX paiqTIBopO(B. B TOM
cjiyqae, Koraa iueaoqii nocTynaior. & BHae boäHux pacreopoB h
KOHueHTpauHH ihx HeH3BecrHa, . coaep>KaHHe iuewöro MoaceT ÖHTb

Jlna npHroTOBjieHHH moioiuhx nacr MoryT ö u tu Hcnoab30BaHH
caeAyioiuHe iu&tcohh : KaabUHHHpoBaKHaa coAa, noraiu, KaycTHqecKan

iueaoqaMH. Ohh pa3pymaioT oaeatay h oßyBb (KpoMe pe3HHOBbix),
a nonaaaa Ha noacy neaoBeKa, npon3BoaHT Tpyano 3aaKHO ÖO^ee KOHUeHTpHpOBaHHHMH, MTOÖbl He BBOaHTb' B MOIOmyKJ
nacTy H3WHuiKa boah. Taic, aaa noayHeHHH Moioiueft nacTbi c 10-npoueHTHMM coaepaio
a o 25o/o, KpenocTb iueaoHHbix pacTBopoß acwiacHa 6hti> ke Me­
Hee 50 0/0 .
'
lU eaovH ipacTBoparojTi B Äeae3Hbix 'KOraax pa3aH«urord pa3Mepa
b ^aBHCHMOCTH o t oß-beMä npoH3BoacTBa. B KOTea cnaqaaa 3arpyaKaHHe 3Toro m ejioH H ue p acT B o p u cjieA yeT c p a 3 y ace n o c jie n p n ro TOBJieHHH ynoTpeß^jiTb wm no6aBjieHHH b rjiHHy.

KoHueHTpauiiH luejioraoro pacTBopa, AOÖaBJiseMoro b rjiHHy,
TaKOH, MTodbi o6ecne*iHTb jjßeAöHHe b Moiomyio
nacTy Tpe6yeMoro no peuenType KCwiHnecTBä iuejionH.3aMo»ieHHyK) iuejiorabiM pacTBopoM rjiHHy nepeMeuiHBaioT h
ocraBJiHioT iie>KaTb; b teneHHe .cyroK Iajih toito, mtoÖu oHa xoporno
Haßyxjia. 3 aieM nanny pa3MeuiHBaioT AepeBHHHbiM BecjioM ao Tex
hop, nona bch cwect iipeBpaTHTCfi b OAHOpoAHyK» rycryio
Maccy, ne npHJiwnaioiuyio k pyKaM h ne coAepaomyio komkqb tjihhu.
Ecjih € c t l B03M0>KH0CTb, t o ,rjrHHy cjieAyeT nepeMeuiHBäTb b tjihhoAOJiÄiia Jöbiib

MeuiajiKe. ncwiyqenHyio nacry npoTnpaioT nepe3 MeTajiJiH*iecKHe CHTa
c OTBepcniHMH 2,0—2,5 mm AJiH OTAejieHHH cjiynaHiio nonsßuiero
cop3 h Hepa3MHTbix komomkob rjiHHbi. TOTOByK) nacTy ynaitoBblBaiOT B 6qmkh.

MOKMUHE nACTbl C AOBABJ1 EHHEM MblJlA
CMEIUHBAHHE TJlHHbl CO IU,EJ10HHbIMH PACTBOPAM H
noÄroTOBjieHHyio rjiHHy noMeiuatoT B AepeßHHHbie öomkh hjih
«laHbl H 3 aJlHBaiOT mejKMHblM paCTBOpOM.

KcwimecTBO mejiowHoro pacTBopa, KOTOpoe HeoßxoAHMO AoÖaBHTb k rjnm e, htoG u nojiy:«Hm> näCryi c onpeAejieifflbiM coAep>iKeHHOH b KOTeji.
'
HanpHMep: (B kotcji 3arpyaceHO 200 Kr n acra H3 tjihku. B
roTOBOM npo^yKTe aöjdkho ßbirt 5 o/o' tobpral b n epecw re Ha »H p HHe kh oioth . ri0Är0T0BjieH MbiJibHbift KJieft c ,45% -hum coAepwaC— kojihhcctbo

HHeM 3KHPHUX KHCJIOf.
KOJUMCCTBO
k

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v ■

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rip0H3B0ACTBy MOIOIUHX naCT
BHHHbie KaAKH ÄJIH OTMyHHBaHHH
OTCT,aHBaHH5I rJIHHbl, ÖOHKH M H
CO lUeJIOMHblM paCTBOpOM, KOTJIbl
pacTBopoß, MeTajuiHHecKwe ch ts,
ynaKOBKit

to to b o h

nacTbi nepeA CMeuiHBaimeM c mujiom.

3aBOAy npOH3BOAHTeJIbHOCTbK) B

30 TOHH naCTbl B MeCHU
okojio 30 toh h tjikh u , mto ßyAeT c00TBeTCTB0BaTb
90 m3 cycneH3HH. CyTOHnan np0H3B0AUTejibH0CTb coct3bht 3 m3
cycneH3HH. nojiyqeHHe Taicoro KOJinnecTBa cycneH3HH bo3m o»ho
npH HajiHMHH cjieAyioiuero oßopyAOBaHHH:

noipeß yeTC H

2 K3AOK AJIH OTMyHHBaH'H« rjiHHH eMKOCTblO no

oieAyiQmaa 'peuenrypa:
n e p e c ie ie

II.

Ha c y x o e B e m e c T B o ) . 6 0 %
10 %

KaJIbHHHHpOBaHHofi) . . . .

rjiH H b i (b n e p e c q e T e Ha o y x o e

B e m e c T B o ).

lUeflOHH (COÄbl Ka/IbUHHHpOBaHHOfi) . . . .
M w J ia ( b n e p e c H d e

22

Ha » H p H w e k h c j i o t u ) .

60%
50 /0

.

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M3 AJIH 33MeiUHB3HHH rJIHHbl CO

I

1 MbMOBapemioro KOTJia eMKOCTblO

i

1 KOTJI3

ptcTBOpä,
m e a O H H (COÄU

1,5 M3,

2 OTCTOHHHKOB eMKOCTblO nO 3 M3,
J 2 ÖOHeK eMKOCTblO no
meJIOMHblM pacTBopoM,

JIjIH jH3rOTOBJieHHH MOIOIUHX naCII MOXC6T ßblTb peKOMeH&OBaHa

I. T jim h u ( b

npoAyKURH.

jXnx np0 H3 B0 ACTBa moioiuhx nacT c Aoß3 BJieHHeM mhjis, KpoMe
nepeHHCjieHHoro oßopyAOBaHHH, He0ßx0AHM0 HMeTb >Kejie3Hbiö hjih
qyryHHHH KOTeji p fln BapKii MUJia, a T a rn e k otcji ajih noAorpeßa

r io a ie (BBeXeUHH MbiJiä ajih HOJiyieHHH Iöahopoahoh m scc u ,
CMecb rriuaTejibiia nepeMeuiHBaioT AepeBHHHbiM BecjioM. ToroByto
nacTy ynaKOBbiBaioT b ßo^KH.
P E U E n T y P A M O K )m ,H X n A C T

H3 rjiHHH HeOÖXOAHMbl AeperjiHHbi, AepeBHHHUe Haubl AJ13
HaHbl AJM 3aM:eiUHBÄHHH rjIHHb!
AJW npHrOTOBJieWHH IUeJlOMHHX
AepeBHHHbie Becjra, ßonKH ajih

S 2 k otjiob

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150

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c

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150 « r ,

npHrOTOBJieHHH

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i
noAorpeBOM eMKOCTblO 500 Kr npn CMeuiHBaHHH

tlflCTbl C MblJlOM,
2 MeTajuiHuecKHx

c h t,

4 AepeBHHHbix Beceji.

50 /0

23

CoAep>kaHHö 3 ojiu b pacTennax h Kajittn b 3 öa 6
(b nepecnete Ha noTaui)

n O J iy H E H H E IU E J IO H H H 3 3 0 J Ib I P A C T E H H fl
B, 30Jie pacteHHö

coAepHMTca noiaui,

oßjiaAaromHÖ mejicw3oaa

HblMH CBOfiCTBaMM. IlOTam H3BCCTCH A3BHQ
AO nOHBJICHHH COAbl '
33BOACKOH BbipaÖOTKH 6bIJl CAH'HCTBeHHO AOCTynHOÖ LUMOIbK).
H acejiem ie nojiynajio ero, Bumejia'iHBaa Boxy! 3ojiöö , H m o jim o Bajiocb m b, bh Ae ä h a k o h m e x o m ajix crapKH Öejiba, MHTba

TWia M ,t . n. tuejidö.
3 i a mejioHb oÖJiaAaer xop ou ieö Moiomefi cnocoßHocTbio.
B HacToamee « e BpeMH n o ia m b KpHCTaaramecKOM bhac
BbipaßaTHBafOT m 3ojih b n p o M u im e m o u m cunaöe..
Em u KpiicrajijiHHecKHH noraui wm ncwiyqaeMbie H3 30 JIH ero pacTBopbi oöpaöoiaTb H3BecTbio, t o momcho nojiyMHTb eme ßojiee KpenKyio menÖMb— e^KHS Kanw, npMroAHbiö ajih BapKn Mbijia.
KcwiHnecTBO ßOJibi h coAepHcaHHei b hch noTauia y pasJiHiHux
pacTeHHÜ He OÄHHaKOBo. O ho 3aBHciiT ot, w a pacTenHa, ot inoHBbi,
Ha KOTopoä pacreHHe npoK3paKaT öojibme 30jim m 6ojibuie. noTaui'a b 3o;ie, mcm

HA3BAHMJ!

PACTEHHÖ
B %

.

BeTBH

.

• ......................... .... .......................................

ÄcpeBba (cm. Taöjr. Ha crp. 25).
Pa3JIHHHOe KOJIHHeCTBO 30 JIbI COflepÄHTCH H B OTÄ&fflbHblX
nacTax pacTeHHa. TaK, HanpHMep, y AepeBbeB Kopa öoraqe 30ji0ft,
MeM CTBOJI.

KapTO(J)e^hnaH ö o T B a .....................................

3ojry ajih nepepaßOTKH na noTaui HaKanjiHBaioT, BbirpeÖaa
ee H3 neneß hjih cneunajibHO OKHraa pacTeHHa. Jim nojiyHenHa
noTauia npnroAHa 30Jia Bcex pacTeHHft.
Xljia crieuHajibiioro c>KHraHHa jiyum e Bcero Hcn0Jib3OBaTb iuaiiKH
H CTeßjiH noACOjiHyxoB, coJiOMy, ßoTBy KapTO(})ejia, m iera o t tukb,
AbiHb, apßy 30 B h orypuoB, KaMum, nojiHHb, copH ae rpaBU,
mcrbH, naAaiomHe c AepeBbeB, KycrapuMK, BaJieacHHK h t . n.
PacTeHHa, coöpaHHbie ajih OKHraHHa Ha 30Jiy, cjieAyeT xpaHHTb noA HaßecoM u m b APyroM toecTe, 3amHmeHHOM o t aojkah.
J3,o*Ab BbiMbiBaeT H3 pacreHHH noTaui, BCJieACTBHe Mero buxqa
noTauia pe3K0 cHuacaeTca.

CacHraTb Ha 30jiy hbao BJiaatHbie pacTeHHa. tloaTOMy cyuiHTb
pe cneAyeT.
E cjih 3 a BpeMH xpaHeHHH pacTeHHa CHJibiio bmcoxjih , to 3a
3— 4 saca nepeA OKHranHeM hx cjieAyet yBi/iajKHHTb, nojiHB ßoAofi.

hx

Coaep5Kanne
Ka/IHH
b nepecneTe
Ha n o ia u i
B 30Jie B 0/0

0 ,9 9
1,2 0
0,81
1,0 9
1 ,5 8
2 ,0 0
1,22
0,9 1
1 ,90
1,69
1 ,8 4
1,6 0
2 ,8 5
1,41
0 ,8 0
1,91
9 ,0 0
1 0 ,0 0
1 ,0 0
3 ,5 0
8 ,5 0
8 ,0 0

2 0 ,8 8

--

2 0 ,3 5

_

1 7 ,3 4

—

2 7 ,0 8

_
_
2 3 ,7 8

_
__

7 5 ,7 6
3 0 ,0 9
6 0 ,1 8
1 6,99
2 0 ,0 6
3 1 ,8 6

ripH OKHraHHH cyxHx pacTemiH ro p e iiH e h a ct hhtchchbho, p a 3BucoKaa T eM nepaTypa, h q a c rb n o ia m a y^ety«iHBaeTca
a b h ac napoiB, a T a K *e ysocHTca c «acrauaMH 3o jih b B03Ayx.
BHBaeTca

K p oM e T o ro , 3o ;ia c w ia B m e r c a ,
BbimejiaMHBaerca noTam .

H jih

CÄnraHHa

hbao

BCJieACTBHe q e r o

Bw6npaTb

He

H3 Hee

wapKHfl,

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ÄeHb. B BeTpeHbiß AßHb b h xoa 3ojih cHH*aeTca, TaK KaK 3HaraTe/rbwaa qacTb ee yjieTaeT b B03Ayx.
C>KHraHHe c^eAyeT BecTH He HenoepeAeTBeHHO na 3eM^e,
a b cneunajibHO b h p m tu x aMax hjih ropnax. flMbi h ropHu cjieA y e t BbipbiBaTb Ha TBepAoii noMBe.

25
24

#Ma aenaeTCa yerapexyrtvibH aa—ajihhoö 1 ,5 m,
uiHpHiiofi
0,7 m 41 iviyßHHofi 0,4 m. GTeHKH hmh CKauiHBaioT /yia Toro, h to ö h
ohh 6 h vm ß o jie e ycToftHHBHi H He ocuna/incb. O cbinarom aaca c o c re hok 3 ew iH oöbWHO oueHb 3 arpH 3 HHeT 3 cwiy. CeneHHe npaBHjibno
BbipuTofl hmh !acw *ho HMeTb ,bha TpaneuHH, y K O Topoä BepxHee
0 CH0 BaHHe juiHpe, a HHÄHee— y » e .
rop.H x o p o rn o pbiTb Ha oöpbiB e, h o 'momcho. h Ha poBHoft no^Be.
E c jih r o p fl p o m Ha o ß p u s e , to. b o ß p u p e aeJiaiOT y rjiy ß jie n n e
b noTOJiKe K o r o p o ö n p 0 KanHBai0 T AHpKy, cnyacam yio

b pH ^e

ÄbiMOBbiM XOAOM. H t o ö h cAejiaTb rop H Ha pobhom MecTe, HaAO
cuaMama B tip u tb HMy, a aareiM a ßoKOBoft creH K e c^ejuarb y rjiy ß jie hmc

b

BH^e

ne™

T a o te

c

oTB epcraeM

ä jih

B n xo A a

ahua.

npeacfle fleM HanaTb OKHraHHe, HMy He0ßx0AHM0 npocyuiHTb,
M n

tqero) b Heft OKHraioT HecKOJibKO CHonoB cojio m h h jih TpaBbi.
C»HraHHe HaAO Becra oieayiomHM 0ßpa30M.
H ä AHß flMH hjih b

oh

p a 3 ropHTCfl,

Ha

ro p rie p a 3 B0 AaT KOCTep. FlocJie T o r o KaK

Kocrrep

KJiaAyT

npeAHa 3 HaMeHHuä

A^ia

n ep e-

»a ra H H H MaT.epHaji.
a

HaAO oieA H T b , n t o 6 h 'rö p e m ie uuio no Bcefl hmc p ob h o
He cHJibHO h caM o ropeH H e nponcxoAHJio BHyTpH KOCTpa.
B, fr.ex cjiynaax, K orAa anaMH npoßHBaeTca H apy»y, CBepxy

rie^HOH Ha3uBaeTCH sojia, nojiyiaeM aa b pe3yjibTaTe QKtfraiiHH
nenabd b KanecTBe ToiuiHBa.
nojieB aa sojia coaep>KHT 13—3 5 % noTauia.
ne^Haa 3o^a coAepacHT 8— 13 o/o noTauia.
nojieB aa 30Jia—cB ew o cep o ro uBeTa, TaacejiOBecHa h HMeeT
A MejncHx cjihtkob— » y * e jiH u . n p H npoße Ha a3wk AaeT cHJibift p t™ .

HeuHaji

30Jia—teMHoro

UBeTa,

jiencoBecHa,

npn

npoße

Ha

biK ÄäeT cjiaöbift mnn.
lUejIOMHHH paCTBOp H3 30JIbI MOHCHO npHrOTOBHTb AByMS
locoßaMH: KHnHHeimeM 30 JIH c b o a # H BbimeJiaHHBaHHeM 30jih
paneö boaoö. Ile p e A ynoTpeßJieHHeM 30Jiy npoceHsaioT. a^ih
(ajieHHa yroJibKOB h HenporopeBuiero MaTepnajia.
1-fl c n o c o ß . npoceaHHyio 30Jiy noMemaiOT b

^epeBHHHbie
tpiKHi Jinßo k8akh hjih CKJiaAWBaiOT Kyqe0 Ha nojiy H nojniBaioT
ipaqeft boaoö H3 jießKH ao Tex Hop, nona OHa paBHOMepHO
xoporno HanHTaeTca boaoö. R n a axoro ee h3ao nepeMeuinaaTb.
,jih 33 MOMKH TpeßyeTCH 45 — 500/0 boam o t Beca aoJiu. 3aM0«ieH/K) 30Jiy ocraBjiflioT jie«atbl b TeneHHe. cyTOK,, a 3aT.e.M nepe.HocaT
TaK Ha3H.BaeMUe 30 JIbHHKH (pnc. 4 ).

HaKHAMBaiOT cbökhh MaTepHaji.

ÜJifl ,Toro HToßu
cacHeaeMHÜ

M aTepnaji

ropeHne

u ijio

no Bceft

nepHOAHHSCKH

HMe paBHOMepno,

nepeMeuiHBaioT

H cepoBaraß hbct ieHHyi0 scwy. 3o.m>hhk HanojmsnoT 30Ji0ft He ao Bepxy, ocxaBjiaa He3 anojiHeHHbiM npocxpaHcxB'o, b 20— 25 cm bhcotoh. Cßepxy
najiHBaioT xeiuiyid BOAy ao Tex nop, nona 30AbHHK He aancwihhtch ao KpaeB. 3ajiHTyso boaoh 30Jiy öcxaB/MHOT. b nonoe na HeCKOjibKO MacoB. Ilo cjie T oro KaK bch mejionb cofiepeTca b hhmcneft (nacra qaHa, ee cnycKaiox «epe3 KpaH b noACTaBJieüHyio
KaAKy. ‘K orAa bch meAOHb ß yA et c/mxa, KpaH saKpHBaioT. 3ateM
30JIbHHK BTOpOH pa3 HaiKWIHafOT BOAOÖ; CHOBa Ä^JOT CMeCH OTCToaTbca HecKOJibKo qacos h coßpaBiuyiocH mejionb cnycKaioT p wpyryio KaAKy, TaK KaK Bxopaa mejionb nojiyqaexca MeHee KpenKoö.
Biopaa tüejioHb roAHTca
oßpaßoTKK nocJieAyiomeö napTHH
30jih, HToßbi nojiynHTb 6on.ee KpenKHfi pacxBop. ÖocJie abohhoh
hah rpoüHOH o6pa6oTKH cMecb BbiHHMaiOT H3 30JibHHKa H 3arpy-

aMyi 'ä ö nojia hjiM ao AHa amHKa h b Hee KJisAyT HeßoAbuiHMH
KyCKaMH iierauieuyio H3BecTb.
H3BecTb AOJiacHa KHpaM
b KcwiHnecTBe 20—40 o/o Bceä >KHpoBoft cmcch. Tßepaoe xo3JiflcTBeH. Hoe MbUlO HS OÄHHX paCTHTeJIbHHX ÄHpOB MOHCHO BapHTb JIHUIb
n ooie cneuHajibnoH npoMbiuijieHHoft hx oÖpaßoTKH (raaporeHH3auHH), b pesyjibTaTe kotopoö sth hchpu npHoßpeiaioT TBepayio
cajioo6pa3Hyio

kohchctchuhjo .

IU e^ O M H . B MbiJioBapcHKH npHMeHÄiOTCfl ÄBa poAa meJioHefi:
fraTpHeßaa

.m »

30

(n a y C T U K )

M oryr öbiTb b

u

Kam M ax.

TaepaoM

H a ip n e B a ji

BHae h

b »»a e

k

He

ÄetJjMUHTHU

MblJlO HA KAyCTHHECKOÖ 1I1,E^0MH
KjieeBoe mhao

KaK pa3^HHHbie Ihcmbothhc ikhpw (roBHÄbe, öapaHbe h CBHHoe
pajio, » H p !pa3^HMHoro nyuraoro 3BepH, khp M3 Koerefi), TaK h pacTHtejibHbie Macaa
(KOHon^HHoe, nöÄCcwiHeHHoe, cypennoe, peunnoBoe, peneitaoei h ;aP-)-,
MoryT öbiTb T a rn e ncnojib3oBaiibi pa3juwHbie o tx o a h jkhpob, K a «, j
HanpHMep, 3 amcrm , o tc to h , nony^aeMwe b npoMHUiaeHHbix h
ToproBHx npeflnpHHTHjix, »H p u , coÖHpaeMue b HfflpoyaoBHTWiax,

a t . n.

K otopU e

mhji,

T. €. MblJI C HeÖOJIbUIOH BJiatfCHOCTblO M BbICOKHM COAepÄaHHeM
JKHpiIblX .KHCflOT, M Am O’JHCTKH MblJl, CBapeHHblX H3 3arpH3HeHHHX
ÄHPOB.

H3BeCTH,

KaaH&HaJi

pacraopoB .

m e-

npouecc bapKii miecBoro MbiJia c KaycTHKoM b ochobhom 3aK aK m eroi b Kuna^eHHH « n p a c pacTBopoM meao’iH (OMwacnHH)
ao 0ßpa30BaHHH MbWbHoro KJiea— oanopoaHoft npo3pa«iHofl THryqeß
Maccbi.
ÄHpoByio cMecb, npeaHa3Haqeifflyio
nepepaÖOTKH, B3BeuiHBaioT, 3arpy>Ka»T b KOTea h HarpeBaioT ao noJiHoro pacn^aBaenHH JKHpa. K pacnaaBaeHHOMy »H p y noCTeneHHo aoaHBawT
tohkoä CTpyeß c^aöyio (5 —8-npoi;.) me^iOHb, HenpepbiBHO H Tu^aTe^bHo nepeMeuiHBafi cMecb.
B fcpeaHeM aasr OMuaeHHH 100 Kr »H poß TpeßyeTca 100 Kr
15-npou. pacTBopa TexHHHecKoro KaycTHKa, KOTopafl aoöaBflaeTCH
b 3—4 npneMaf b Te^eHlie 2—3 qacoB.
riepBaa TpeTb sroro KoaH^ecTBa, t. e. 33 Kr, aaeTcfl noc^e
npeaßapHTe^bHoro pa3ÖaBaeHHH boaoh b KO/iHqecTBe 70 Kr a^h
Toro, h t o 6 h noayqiiTb oiaßbiö pacTBOp— K penocTbio b 5o/0.
tlp n aoßaB^eHHH meaoHH HarpeBaiwe -He npekpamaroT ir aoBoasrr
CMiecb ao km eu m . lUejicwb ao^HsaioT ao Tex nop, n o«a H3 »n p a
h wfi/ioHH oßpasyercH oaHopoaHaa Macca—3MyabOHH, HanoMWHaiomaH
MOJIOKO.
OöpasoBaBmyfocfl sMyAbcuto k h m t h t . B o BpeMK KuneiiH« bcs
Macca cujibHo nm iTca, h ee craeayeT bc« BpeMH nepeMeuiHBaTb.
E gsch nena noaHHMaeTcsi cweHb bhcoko,, to yw-eHbmaiOT HarpeBajme,
Öepyr nepnaKOM co aHa HcwaKocrb h c Öojibmoä bwcoth 'BbiJiHBaiOT

31

fee ja k o t& ji; n e a a n p n a r m ocaatH Baercs. U m ocaacHBaimra n e n u
moäho TaKaoe o6pbi3rarb ee cßepxy b o a o h .
Koraa Macca namer crymaTbca, a iipoöa «Ha m iin »1 noKa>KeT,
w o iuejioHb bch H3 pacxoÄOßaHa, AoöaaAHiOT HOByro nopunio y « e
ßocroee KpenKoü (15-npou,.) utejKra.

IUe^OHb npHÖaBJiMioT nocieneHHO He6ojibiiiHMn nopnHHMK (ao
m b3htoh n poöe), npoflmxan khiihthtjj

hcko oiuymaeMoro mtina
bck) Maccy.

BßoaHTb menoMb cpa3y 6ojibwnMn nopuKHM« ne cjieAyer, noroMy
q r o o t 6ojibiuoro mÖbiTKa mejiom mcdkct napyiuiiTbca oAnopoAnocTb Maccbi. ripH 3TOM JKHp BcnjibiBaeT HäBepx, mejiOHb OTflejtaerpa, oceAaer Karoy W: HaHaBuieecH 0ßpa30BHBaTbca mh/io co6hpaeTca b komkh. JHajibHefimaa oßpaöoTKa TaKofl Maccu CTaHOBHTCfl

3aTpyflHMTeJIbHOß.
B e rn
iie M H o r o

BBeACM O
b O A b i.

c j m iü k o m

O t

m h o to

n p H Ö a B J ie H H a

mejio«H,
boah

to

caeayeT

K penocT b

I U I O T I ib ie ,

T p y A 'H O

p a C T B O p H M b ie

b

----- ----

K O M b fl.

*

1 Ilp oß a «Ha m Hn» np 0H3B0AHrca c^e^yioiuHM o 6pa3oM: 6epyT Heßwibiuyio Kanjiio CMecw «a KycoK OKomioro cTeiMa, ocTy>KaioT ee h
ocTopo>KHo npoöyioT kohtokom n3UKa. Ilp H ÖoJibUiofl (cHJibHoft) me^oqhocth wyBCTayeTca KaK 6bi o e rp u « ykoji na kohhhks a3H Ka. FIpn Öojiee
cjiaöoft mejiouHOcTH TaKoe oiuym eH H * noaBHTCa He b oahoö TcmKe,
a Ha ÖcwibweM npocTpancTBe ssbiKa. Ec jih cboÖoahoü meJiomi b npoöe
neT, t o na H3HKe noflyopMbi um cMeur«BaTb( o rmmä. TaKoß uwibübiä vjich coAep;kht, Kaie npaBHJio, BOAbi nie wenee 40o/o h wupHbix ich ctot ne
ßojiee 50 o/0.
noAyqHTb KAieß öojiee KOHuearpHpoßaHHuS, t . e. c Öoamuhm
coAepncaiiweM ä h p h h x khcjiot» nyreM ympMBaHMH 3aTpyA«HTe®>HD,
BcaeACTBHe tojx>, iito KJieß Tepaer noABH*MocTb h nperopaeT.

K o w ie

K u n H ’H'öHiHte c p o cTe ne H iiiiM n o ö a B m m m lu e jio w cjie AyeT n p o A o m a r b a o trex n o p , n oK a b ch Macca H e n p e B p a n iT C H b MMJibHbiii
Kvieö.
' ■ ; ; ! !
ToToaHH KJieö Aojm rn npexorajBJiaTb coöoso rycryio, oahopoanyio, npo3 paMHyio jviaccy, no kohchctchuhh HanoMMnaiomyio naTOKy. Ecrai |p3HTb HieiMtioro aioß MaccU na jiönarKy h a a n eß
MeAJietnio cTeKarb, t o ona dyneT HMeTb bha npoapa^iabix hhtcS.
T l p o ß a , B3HTaH AßyiMH n&/H>uaMW, AOJiMCHa aaparrb o m y m e n n e
CKJieHBaHMH H paCTHmBaTbCH TOBKHMH HÜTHMK, COTH najIbUH OCTO-

P o h ü k ) p a3B ecm

roTOBbifi Kjieü c ropfl'ieft boaoh ne Aaer M y n r, a TaioKe coxpaHsteT npo3pamiocTb.

npußaBHTb

m a / io n n

noHH3«TCH h cHOBa o6pa3yercn OAHopoAHaa Mo.noKoo6pa3Haa Macca.
O/iHaKo, Hie CJieAyeT AOBOAjHrrb ao neweeoro n3pacxoAOBaHiia meJiOMH
8 Macce, TaK KaK' b Taraix oiyqaax bch >Macca M O *er npeBpaTim>C3
B

Karma

roTOBoro KJtea, nattecaiHaH Ka ctqkjio, ne pacreKaeTcfl,
a coxpaHHeT cboio (J)opMy h npH 3acraBaHHH ocraercH npoapawoft.

JlApOBOe MblJIO

60 o/o

^Aposoe Mbwo coAepÄHTi ne Meiiee
»n p H u x khcaot.
M iu io c TaKHM coAepaiawieM acnpHbix k h o io t m oiki» nojiyMHTb
nyreM BUcajimaima Mbuvmoro Kjiea, T. e. otac/ihb o t » e r o «a jirauHioK) BJiary ln pUAeviHB MUAWaoe hapo. nponecc BucajiHBaimH
aaiuno^aeTCH b kwih^jimh MWAbHoro KjieH c icpenKHM pacTBopoM
noiBapemnoH coah.
pesy^foTaTC Tawofl oÖpaßoTKH npoHcxoAirr
pasAertetfife MtuibMono lunea aa MHJibHoe HApo h mejio^b.

B

J im BbicajiHBaiTHH toto b h t KpenKHft pacroop noBapeMHoß ccwih—
na 1 JiuTp aojuhi 200—250 r cojih. Tanoro pacTBopa AOÖaafljnoT
b Ko^m ecree 50—60o/0 o t Beca JKHpoBoß cmbch, noAAHBaH ero
«eßoflbiuHMH nopuHHMH b 5— 6 npHeMöB, npn nocTOHHHOM yMepeiihom KHneiiHH k nepeMeuiMBaHHH.
BbLcajiHBaraie aoahcho npoAOJi»aTbca 2—3 Masca. n p n Äoß^ajrehwh nepBHx nopuHH paiCTBOpa ccww 3aMemaercH H3Me«eHHe kjich.
npo3paT«aa, OAHapOAHaa h aa3Kaa Macca craHOBHTca noßßHXHee,
c JionaTKK ona creK aer yace we aähhhhmh, a öewree kopotkhmih
oöpbiBaiom.HMHca hhthmh. H o kjich ace eine npo 3 pamtbift h saMeTBoro pasA'Me'HMs: t o a m cjioh—hapo h küch—wer.

npn AajifoHeftuxeM AoßaBtfieätHH com K/ieß craHOBwrcH mythum,
a npo6a, B3HTaH mb Koraa « a 1 TOnaray, creKaer c nee JtsäSOJH-

K3MH BeJIH'IHHOä fi AaßOIIb, OCTaBJlHfl jUS üOnaTKC TOHKJTO MbWIbHyiO

wimcy, MecrawK npopsaHiiyio. a oöaancaiomyio cyxoe «epeBO.

OKommne npouacca BHca/uiBaiiHa onpeftöiaercH pe3KHM pa3 Ae.TeHHeM Mbuwmro KJiea m hapo n nmtaiioio uißmnb. Bueiumm
bha Mbuia npn 3T0M pe3KO H3Mejiflerca—oho cramsmca Henpo3pa*iBbrM li npnoßperaer 3epaHcryK) crpyKTypy. OTAejiratie 3epHbiiuKH HÄpa, nAaBatomne b noAMUAbaofi ajeAöna, hcho bhabh,
eaiH B3sm> npoöy Ha AepeBarayso jionaTKy. npH aaKAöHHOM nojiojKeHHH c aee ßyAyT CTeKaTb 3epabimKa axpa a CTpy&KH noAMMbHOÖ mejIOHH.
BbicoAKy mokho CTHTaTb 3aKOHHQKHOH, ecAH npoöa m eiiow ,
B3JTTOÖ aa creraaKHyio iuiacTHHKy, ocraerCH no oxjra*AeiiMH coeepmemo npo3paTOoä a khakoh. Bcah npoöa cryAeaacra, t o b
KOTeji w e A y e r AoßaBHTib em e aeKOTopoe rnjimtcrBO coah.

üocne oKOHHanM« BHcaAHBaHHH HarpeBatKKe npeicpamaioT. Eo ih
Bapjuiocb HeÖoflbmoe kcwihtoctbo MHjta, to kot&ft, htoSm oh ne
OCTHBcül CAHHIKOM ÖbICTpO, yKptlBaiOT yTeiMflIOlUHM MaTCpHaJIOM.
Mepe3 3 — 5 »mcos mhao iwihoctm o ota& naerrca o t m exom .
m&oo>a> cnyocaioT iiepe3 KpaH BHH3y kotas, jihöo ooßpaiaiueecH
cßepxy HApo cnepnuBaiOT b Apyroft kot&a
CMeiUHBauWa! c tahhoö, hjih uiAH^yiocp ero a pa3^HBaK/r b opMiH.
FIoAMHJibBaa m&no^b coAep*a»r coAt, a ee nocAe ynapHBaHaa
M05KH0 ynoTpeöaarb ajih BHcaJiHBaaaa nocneAyiomHX naprofl MbiJia.
nocaie ncwmoro oTAeJimita naAMbuibUoß m&AOHH k HApy AoßaBJiHtoT
HeöOAtimtMH
chbhom

nopuHHM«,

npa

ocrotpo>KtioM aarpeBaiiHH h

nepeMeuiHBaHHH, oraÖHfi pacTBOp noBapeaaoö

na AWrp

HHTen-

coah (20 r

b o a h ).

IliAH^OBaHHe npenpamaiOT» Koraa muitima Macca nepecraer
neKHTtcH, CTaHOiBHTca noABHÄHoß a BCKHnaer neßcwibiuHMH ny3bipHMH.
!!,i
ripoöa, Bsataa aä AonaTKy, creicaerr c pee nAacraMH, oct3bahh
Ha ee noBepxeocrra TöHKyio MMAbayio iiAetocy.
K o te A 33KpbtB3K>T KpMUIKOÜ M yrenAHKHUHM M3T&pH3A 0 M AAH
npeAoxpaiieBHH o t oxahhcachhh, ocrdBAfla Maccy b kotac aa 12 nacob. riocAie OTcraHBaaHH M.ai(#P b kotac pa3AeAHeTCH aa Tpa caoh:
caepxy sApo, 3aTew KAeeBOß ocraTOK it BHH3y nOAMbuibaaa manom».
34

CoÖpaBuieecH cßepxy flApo cvepnuBSiqT b (jx>pMy. C'iepnbiBsTb
AbiAO HaAO OCTOPO*HO, H3Öer3^ 3 axßaTbiaaTb meAio^b. Ecam csep xy
iApa o6pa30BaAacb nAeimca hah ocraiAacb a e oceBiuaa neaa, to
IX CHJJMaiOT.

M bW O HA KAJlH fiH O fl lUE^OHH
M h a o a a KaAHfiaoft iuanoHH &apar t o t o o tskhm » e cnocoK3K a aa HSTpHeaoft meAOHH. H o mhao, cßapeiiHoe m
K3AHKH0 H meAOMH, nOAy^jaeTCH OÖbMHO ÄHA^'HM. H3 X H A K O r O Ka6 om,

AHÜHoro

Mbvia Moxm

no^yqH Tb T s e p A o e

m hao,

ecAH oßpaßoTSTb

ero COJIblO T,aKHM >Ke CnOCOÖOM, KaKHM npOH3BOA3T BUC3AHB3inie
AAH noAyqeHHH HApoßoro muia.

npn BHcaAHBamiii >KHAJakho pa 3 A 3 BAHBaTbca a noAyqaioTCH cyxiKe TOHKHe nA3-

riocA e
u,aMH

CTHKKH.
H 3 nojiyTOHHoro aApa Moacao cßapHTb HApOBoe hah mieeBoe
mhao. Jhna noAyHeaaa HApoßoro Mbuia ero OTAeAbtsaroT (uiAHiJyiOT),
Kaie onacaHD to u ie, hjih AoßaaAjnoT nocTeneaao aeöoAtmoe koah'lecTBo ßOAM a npespaiuaioT b KjieR. H KAeesoe h HApoßoe mhao,
CBapeaHwe t 3 khm chocoSom Ha KaAMfiHoft meAona no cbohm KaneCTB3M He OTAHWaiOTCH OT MHA3, CBapeHHQTO Ha KayCTHKe, H T3KMCe
MO)KCT ÖHTb CMClUajHO C rAHIDOÖ.

35

T a f i j i H u a JA 1

PACMET KOJIHMECTBA lUEJIOMH

yjteJbHhift B «c H Q/o c o a > p «* H H « l i f flo ^ e « ■ » o* h m x p a cfa o p a x
—
11
YAejibHbift

Ä H p o p y io cMecb a^h no/iy^GHHH TBepAoro Mbua cocraBJiaioT
C T3KHM paCHCTOM, MTOßbl THTp JKHpHHX KHCÄOT ÖblA HC HHHCe
37— 40°. Ko3(})HU,weHT OMU/ienra ampOBofi a te c n onpeAeflaerca
b jiaöopaTOpHH.

KieoöxoAHM oro

k 3jih h

e A K oro

4>opMy^e:

on p eA ejin eTca

.

.
E —KOJiimecTBö ueoöxoAiiM oro

eAKoro KM im

no

;

Kr;

KcwuHnecTBO

HeoßxoAHMoro

HaTpHa

onpeAejiaeTca

no

4>opMy^e:

»/«

BaHHOtt c ox u

B%

0,07

1,2

1,5

1,33

1,022

1,85

2,6

2,8

2,09

1,029

2,50

3,5

3,1

2,76

1,036

3,15

4,5

4,0

3,48

3,79

5,6

4,9

4,29

6,4

5,7

4,94
5;7l

4,50

1,060

5,20

7,4

6,5

1,067

5,86

8,2

7,3

6,87

1,075

6,58

9,2
10,1

7,7

7,12

8,5

7,88

10,9

9.2

8,62

7,30
8,07

1.100

8,78

12,0

12,9

1,108

9,50
10,80

12,9

13,8

9,43
10,19

14,8

10,96

11,06

183
14,8

15,4

11,81

1,134

11,90

15,7

16,2

12,61

1,142

12,69

16,5

16,5

13,46

1,152

13,50

17,6

17,6

14,24

1,162

14,35

18,6

18,6

15;49

1.171
1,180

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19,5

18.7

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16,00

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17,04

1,190

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1,370
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25,1
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