Словарь-компаньон для тех, кто изучает экономику [Валентина Анатольевна Кононова] (pdf) читать постранично, страница - 34

government, they claim, is to maximize the sum of utility achieved
by everyone in society.

VALUE – стоимость; финансовые результаты
Value is a measure of the benefit that may be gained from goods or
service.

VALUE OF THE MARGINAL PRODUCT – стоимость добавочного
продукта
Value of the marginal product is the marginal product of an input times
the price of the output.
The value of the marginal product of any input is the marginal product of
that input multiplied by the market price of the output.

VARIABLE COSTS – переменные расходы; переменные затраты;
переменные издержки
Variable costs are costs that vary with the quantity of output produced.
Some of the firm’s costs, called variable costs, change as the firm alters
the quantity of output produced. For example, Conrad’s variable costs
include the cost of coffee beans, milk, sugar, and paper cups: The more
cups of coffee Conrad makes, the more of these items he needs to buy.
Similarly, if Conrad has to hire more workers to make more cups of

coffee, the salaries of these workers are variable costs. The variable cost
is 0 if he produces nothing, $0.30 if he produces 1 cup of coffee, $0.80 if
he produces 2 cups, and so on.

VERTICAL EQUITY – вертикальная экономическая справедливость: концепция экономической справедливости: те, кто в лучшем
экономическом положении, обязаны платить бóльшую сумму налогов, чем те, которые в худшем экономическом положении
Vertical equity is the idea that taxpayers with a greater ability to pay taxes should pay larger amounts. (see also horizontal equity). Two corollary
notions of equity (horizontal and vertical) are widely accepted, but applying them to evaluate a tax system is rarely straightforward.

WELFARE– социальная защита населения; социальная политика
Welfare is government programs that supplement the incomes of the
needy.
One way for the government to raise the living standards of the poor is to
supplementtheir incomes. The primary way the government does this is
through thewelfare system. Welfare is a broad term that encompasses various government programs.

WELFARE ECONOMICS – экономическая теория благосостояния;
экономика благосостояния
Welfare economics is the study of how the allocation of resources affects
economic well-being.

WILLINGNESS TO PAY – готовность платить; согласие на оплату
Willingness to pay is the maximum amount that a buyer will pay for
a good.
Each buyer’s maximum is called his willingness to pay, and it measures
how much that buyer values the good. Each buyer would be eager to buy
the album at a price less than his willingness to pay, and he would refuse
to buy the album at a price greater than his willingness to pay. At a price
equal to his willingness to pay, the buyer would be indifferent about buying the good: If the price is exactly the same as the value he places on the
album, he would be equally happy buying it or keeping his money.

WORLD PRICE – мировая цена; цены на мировом рынке
World price is the price of a good that prevails in the world market for
that good.

АО «Коммерсантъ»; газета «Коммерсантъ» : [Электронный ресурс].
Россия, Москва, 1991–2018. – URL: https://www.kommersant.ru
Группа «Эксперт»; Эксперт online: [Электронный ресурс]. Россия,
Москва, 1995–2018. – URL: http://expert.ru
Forbes Media LLC: [Электронный ресурс]. США, Вашингтон. – URL:
https://www.forbes.com
Forbes Russia: [Электронный ресурс]. США, Вашингтон. – URL:
http://www.forbes.ru
Forbes – Twitter: [Электронный ресурс]. США, Нью-Йорк, 2009–2018. –
URL: https://twitter.com/forbes
The BBC: [Электронный ресурс]. Великобритания, Лондон. – URL:
http://www.bbc.com
The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD): [Электронный ресурс]. Великобритания, Лондон. – URL: https://www.ebrd.com/
The Financial Times: [Электронный ресурс]. Великобритания, Лондон. – URL: https://www.ft.com
The Financial Times – Twitter: [Электронный ресурс]. Великобритания, Лондон, 2009–2018. URL: https://twitter.com/ft
The iWEB corpus: [Электронный ресурс]. США, Brigham Young University. – URL: https://corpus.byu.edu/iweb/
The World Bank Group: [Электронный ресурс]. США, Вашингтон. –
URL: http://www.worldbank.org

Учебное издание

Учебное пособие

Редактор Т.М. Пыжик
Компьютерная верстка Д.Р. Мазай

Иллюстрация на обложке предоставлена художником Полом Бондом (США)
The authors acknowledge Paul Bond (USA) for kind permission
to reproduce his work of art
“The Soft Morning of Our Remembrance”

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